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Chest pain

Cardiology

Introduction

The strategy with this history is to rule out emergency conditions to begin with. The most important conditions to rule out through your history include:

-          Myocardial Infarction

-          Aortic dissection

-          Pulmonary embolism


WIPER

W – Wash/Sanitise hands.                               

I – Introduce yourself and establish patient demographics

P- Permission, taking consent

E – Expose the patient (if needed)

R- Reposition

Presenting Complaint

  • Main Symptom: Chest pain

  • Duration: When did the pain start?


History of Presenting complain:

  • Site and Location:

    • Exact location of the pain (central, left-sided, right-sided, radiating)

  • Onset:

    • How did the pain start? (Sudden or gradual)

    • Any triggering events? (Physical exertion, emotional stress, rest)

  •  Character of the Pain:

    • What kind of pain? (Tightness, tearing, pressure, squeezing, heaviness, sharp, stabbing, burning)

  • Radiation:

    • Does the pain spread anywhere? (To left arm, neck, jaw, back, shoulders, or other locations)

  • Associated Symptoms:

    • Cardiovascular Symptoms: (as specifically)

    • Shortness of breath

    • Sweating

    • Nausea or vomiting

    • Palpitations

    • Dizziness

    • Syncope


  • Time/duration and Frequency:

    • How long does the pain last? (Seconds, minutes, continuous)

    • Has it occurred before? If yes, how often? Establish the timeline of symptoms.


  • Exacerbating Factors: (anything that makes the pain worse?)

    • What causes or worsens the pain? (Physical activity, stress, deep inspiration, movement or eating)

    • Relieving Factors: (anything that makes pain better)

    • What relieves the pain? (rest, medications like nitrates, sitting up, antacids)


  • Severity of Pain:

    • Pain scale (0–10)

    • Any changes in intensity (Worsening or improving)

 

  • Respiratory Symptoms:

    • Cough, haemoptysis (blood in sputum), pleuritic pain

    • Gastrointestinal Symptoms:

    • Heartburn, regurgitation, indigestion

    • Musculoskeletal Symptoms:

    • Pain with movement or palpation


    Is there a response to Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) (if prescribed).  Did it relieve the pain?


Systems review:

Fatigue

Drenching night sweats

Unintentional weight loss

Loss of appetite

Opening bowels and passing urine well

Nausea and vomiting

Fever

Rashes

 

Use this opportunity to elicit Ideas, concerns and expectations


Be sure to summarise the history




Past Medical History

W – Wash/Sanitise hands.                               

I – Introduce yourself and establish patient demographics

P- Permission, taking consent

E – Expose the patient (if needed)

R- Reposition

Medications

Current Medications, paying particular attention to:

  • Antiplatelets or anticoagulants (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin)

  • Statins

  • Antihypertensives (e.g., beta-blockers)

  • Nitrates

  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

  • Recent medication changes

Family History

Family History of:

  • Early cardiovascular disease (heart attack or stroke in first-degree relatives before the age of 60)

  • Sudden death

Social History

  • Smoking (Pack-years history)

  • Alcohol intake

  • Recreational drug use (Especially cocaine)

  • Occupation and stress levels (gambling, drive)

  • Lifestyle (physical activities and diet)

  • Any recent long distance flights?

Differential Diagnosis

Based on history, the pain can be categorised as:

  • Cardiac: Angina, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), aortic dissection, pericarditis

  • Respiratory: Pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pneumonia, pleuritic

  • Gastrointestinal: GORD, oesophageal spasm, peptic ulcer disease

  • Musculoskeletal: Costochondritis, muscle strain

  • Psychiatric: Panic attacks, anxiety disorders

Management

Remember: Bedside --> Laboratory --> Imaging

 

Bedside examination includes cardio-respiratory examination involving

listening to heart sounds, inspection, palpation and auscultation.


Laboratory investigations include bloods such as:

1- FBC (Hb, Anaemia)

2- U&Es

3- LFTs (heart disease)

4 – Troponin (ACS)

5 – BNP  (heart failure)

6- TFTs (AF, palpitations) 

7- HbA1c (Diabetes – type 2)

8- Lipid profile (atherosclerosis) 

 

Imaging includes:

1- ECG

2- Echocardiogram – To identify valve problems, heart failure (ejection fraction)

4- CXR – size of the heart, ratio compared to the rest of the chest

5 – CTPA

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