Chest pain
Cardiology
Introduction
The strategy with this history is to rule out emergency conditions to begin with. The most important conditions to rule out through your history include:
- Myocardial Infarction
- Aortic dissection
- Pulmonary embolism
WIPER
W – Wash/Sanitise hands.
I – Introduce yourself and establish patient demographics
P- Permission, taking consent
E – Expose the patient (if needed)
R- Reposition
Presenting Complaint
Main Symptom: Chest pain
Duration: When did the pain start?
History of Presenting complain:
Site and Location:
Exact location of the pain (central, left-sided, right-sided, radiating)
Onset:
How did the pain start? (Sudden or gradual)
Any triggering events? (Physical exertion, emotional stress, rest)
Character of the Pain:
What kind of pain? (Tightness, tearing, pressure, squeezing, heaviness, sharp, stabbing, burning)
Radiation:
Does the pain spread anywhere? (To left arm, neck, jaw, back, shoulders, or other locations)
Associated Symptoms:
Cardiovascular Symptoms: (as specifically)
Shortness of breath
Sweating
Nausea or vomiting
Palpitations
Dizziness
Syncope
Time/duration and Frequency:
How long does the pain last? (Seconds, minutes, continuous)
Has it occurred before? If yes, how often? Establish the timeline of symptoms.
Exacerbating Factors: (anything that makes the pain worse?)
What causes or worsens the pain? (Physical activity, stress, deep inspiration, movement or eating)
Relieving Factors: (anything that makes pain better)
What relieves the pain? (rest, medications like nitrates, sitting up, antacids)
Severity of Pain:
Pain scale (0–10)
Any changes in intensity (Worsening or improving)
Respiratory Symptoms:
Cough, haemoptysis (blood in sputum), pleuritic pain
Gastrointestinal Symptoms:
Heartburn, regurgitation, indigestion
Musculoskeletal Symptoms:
Pain with movement or palpation
Is there a response to Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) (if prescribed). Did it relieve the pain?
Systems review:
Fatigue | Drenching night sweats | Unintentional weight loss |
Loss of appetite | Opening bowels and passing urine well | Nausea and vomiting |
Fever | Rashes |
|
Use this opportunity to elicit Ideas, concerns and expectations
Be sure to summarise the history
Past Medical History
W – Wash/Sanitise hands.
I – Introduce yourself and establish patient demographics
P- Permission, taking consent
E – Expose the patient (if needed)
R- Reposition
Medications
Current Medications, paying particular attention to:
Antiplatelets or anticoagulants (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin)
Statins
Antihypertensives (e.g., beta-blockers)
Nitrates
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Recent medication changes
Family History
Family History of:
Early cardiovascular disease (heart attack or stroke in first-degree relatives before the age of 60)
Sudden death
Social History
Smoking (Pack-years history)
Alcohol intake
Recreational drug use (Especially cocaine)
Occupation and stress levels (gambling, drive)
Lifestyle (physical activities and diet)
Any recent long distance flights?
Differential Diagnosis
Based on history, the pain can be categorised as:
Cardiac: Angina, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), aortic dissection, pericarditis
Respiratory: Pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pneumonia, pleuritic
Gastrointestinal: GORD, oesophageal spasm, peptic ulcer disease
Musculoskeletal: Costochondritis, muscle strain
Psychiatric: Panic attacks, anxiety disorders
Management
Remember: Bedside --> Laboratory --> Imaging
Bedside examination includes cardio-respiratory examination involving
listening to heart sounds, inspection, palpation and auscultation.
Laboratory investigations include bloods such as:
1- FBC (Hb, Anaemia)
2- U&Es
3- LFTs (heart disease)
4 – Troponin (ACS)
5 – BNP (heart failure)
6- TFTs (AF, palpitations)
7- HbA1c (Diabetes – type 2)
8- Lipid profile (atherosclerosis)
Imaging includes:
1- ECG
2- Echocardiogram – To identify valve problems, heart failure (ejection fraction)
4- CXR – size of the heart, ratio compared to the rest of the chest
5 – CTPA





